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The Birth of Merlin
''The Birth of Merlin, or, The Child Hath Found his Father'' is a Jacobean play, probably written in whole or part by William Rowley. It was first performed in 1622 at the Curtain Theatre in Shoreditch.〔N.W. Bawcutt, ''The Control and Censorship of Caroline Drama,'' Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996.〕 It contains a comic depiction of the birth of the fully grown Merlin to a country girl, and also features figures from Arthurian legend, including Uther Pendragon, Vortigern, and Aurelius Ambrosius.
==Authorship==
The 1662 first edition, a quarto printed by Thomas Johnson for the booksellers Francis Kirkman and Henry Marsh, attributed the play to William Shakespeare and William Rowley. ''The Birth of Merlin'' is thus one of two plays published in the seventeenth century as a Shakespearean collaboration, the other being ''The Two Noble Kinsmen''. Most scholars reject the attribution to Shakespeare and believe that the play is Rowley's, perhaps with a different collaborator. The play has occasionally been revived in the modern era, for example at Theatr Clwyd.
''The Birth of Merlin'' shares a significant relationship with ''Cupid's Revenge,'' a play in the Beaumont and Fletcher canon. Large-scale resemblances in plotting—the missing prince, the ruler and his heir who fall in love with the same woman—could be explained through derivation from common sources; but these larger-scale elements are supported by specific lines and passages that occur in both plays. Compare, for example, "Wilde-fire and Brimstone eat thee!" in ''Merlin,'' III,vi,108, with "wild-fire and brimstone take thee" in ''Cupid's Revenge,'' V,ii, 49. Other common passages occur in ''Merlin,'' II,ii,35–9 and 72–81 and III,vi,83–4, and ''Cupid's Revenge'', I,v,5–11, IV,i,2–7, and V,ii,44–8.〔Act/scene division and lineation can vary among editions; these citations refer to the text of ''Merlin'' in ''The Shakespeare Apocrypha'', edited by C. F. Tucker Brooke, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908, and to the text of ''Cupid's Revenge'' in ''The Dramatic Works in The Beaumont and Fletcher Canon,'' Vol. 2, general editor Fredson Bowers, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1970.〕
The early critics who first discovered these commonalities took them as evidence that Beaumont and Fletcher had a hand in the authorship of ''The Birth of Merlin''.〔E. H. C. Oliphant, ''The Plays of Beaumont and Fletcher'', New Haven, Yale University Press, 1927; pp. 402–14.〕 This view, however, has not been accepted by the consensus of scholars and critics, since apart from the cited common passages, there is no evidence of Beaumont's or Fletcher's authorship in the play. The common passages appear to be best explained as the type of borrowings sometimes found in works of the era (the borrowings from Thomas North's translation of Plutarch's ''Parallel Lives'' in Shakespeare's ''Antony and Cleopatra'', for example) that have no bearing on questions of authorship.〔Mark Dominik, ''William Shakespeare and "The Birth of Merlin,"'' Beaverton, OR, Alioth Press, 1991; pp. 165–72.〕 Though the dates of authorship for both plays are uncertain, it seems likely that ''Cupid's Revenge'' is the earlier work, and that the author or authors of ''Merlin'' were influenced by the Beaumont-Fletcher play.
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